Can't lay claim to the experience you're after, but despite having come at it from very different ages and a slightly different training route, we're probably not that far apart so I might be able to offer you some insight after my first 10k race this weekend.
I've managed a 22:37 parkrun 5k giving it plenty of beans, so probably comparable to your 'comfortable' 23:50, and a relaxed pace 10k training run in 52:37 so again not a million miles from your 53:52.
I'm 42 now (virtually a fossil, right?
), at the back end of last summer was overweight and unfit, didn't start running until mid-late November (no prior running background at all), and only started to add a bit of structure and more mileage to my running over the last month or so.
As an initial guide I've got a range that I anticipate falling within at this stage (based on online calculators, 5k pace and training paces), with about 48:20 being the bottom end of what I'd be fairly happy with, and 46:30 being at the very top and something I'd be chuffed to bits with.
In terms of training paces, I've been running some progressive 4-6 mile tempo runs over the last couple of weeks, and holding 7:30 pace or better for a mile or two in the latter stages of them - as well as the shorter parkruns.
I'll drop back by on Sunday evening if you think the comparison might be worthwhile?
P.S. Good luck with this and, having now seen your other thread, the HM when you get to it - wish I had your young legs to train with! 